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CROSSING THE BLUE MOUN-
TAINS.
A NEW ROUTE.
THE LAPSTONE DEVIATION.
(BY OUR SPECIAL REPORTER.)
Sunday afternoon was a busy one for those en-
gaged at the foot of the great mountain barrier
which rises precipitately from the Emu Plains. Men
have been toiling for many months, certainly, dig-
ging out cuttings and delving through tunnels, but
their work had been little noticed till Sunday, when
it received tho crown of successful achievement. In
the morning the last train crawled slowly over the
Lapstone zigzag, and in the afternoon, just
as the dusk of a wet day was clos-
ing in, the first train passed through the
deviating tunnel, and, without once reversing its
course, ran straight on to Glenbrook, where it joined
the original Western line. Sunday, it will be remem-
bered, was particularly damp, and the task of con-
necting the rails was surrounded by exceptional diffi-
culties. Impatient engineers and rain-sodden
platelayers blessed Mr. Russell's weather, but never-
theless the thing, as Americans say, had to go, and
by 5 o'clock in the afternoon the connection was
accomplished, and a heavily-laden goods train made
a successful trial trip through the steamy tunnel.
Lovers of the picturesque will probably regret the
change of route, which is distinctly utilitarian
in its character. The chief attraction of the
Western line, from a tourist's point of new,
had been the two zigzags, once, in the days when
the science of road construction was less advanced,
looked upon as triumphs of mountain engineering.
To-day the St. Gothard line entirely eclipses the
work accomplished here in the sixties, but, neverthe-
less, it was very creditable to a young colony, and
has drawn admiration from thousands of globe-trot-
ting sightseers. The magnificent view of the Emu
Plains, stretching away without a break right to the
seaboard, with farmhouses and cottages, tilled land
and meadow, centring round the cluster of white
houses which make up the sleepy little Penrith, was
the great attraction of the first or lesser zigzag.
Travellers were wont to crane their necks danger-
ously far out of the carriage windows in order to
make the most of the beautiful scene before the
mountain cuttings shut it out from view. As to the
Lithgow zigzag, I need say nothing here-it is still
left to us ; and as no practicable way has been dis-
covered of avoiding it, we are likely to enjoy its
attractive views for a long time to come. In the
case of the Lapstone zigzag, however, the matter is
different ; its avoidance has proved simple and com-
paratively inexpensive, and the only wonder is that
the engineers who first surveyed the track did not
discover this easy route.
Still, when we remember that for years after New
South Wales was a settled colony the Blue Moun-
tains were looked upon as an unsurmountable
barrier, beyond which no man could pass and live, it
does not seem so wonderful. The early colonists,
who, whether free or in chains, were not deficient in
courage, made many fruitless efforts, commencing
with Lieutenant Dawes' endeavour in 1789. Paterson,
Hacking, Wilson, and other nameless explorers,
some in search of glory and some in search of freedom,
followed suit, and the bones of many a luckless convict
bleached for years in the deep mountain gullies. It
was left for Wentworth, Blaxland, and Lawson-
names memorable in the history of this
colony-to make a success out of other men's
failures, and to discover a track where all had
seemed trackless. Soon after Governor Macquarie,
energetic gentleman as he was, set his people to
work making practicable roads, and ere long the
passage across the mountains was much in request by
settlers, who desired to remove their flocks and herds
to tho fertile and untouched Bathurst Plains. The
road, indeed, soon became so widely known that in
1815 a military guard had to be set there in order to
provent unauthorised persons from winning their
freedom in the unexplored back country. When we
remember all those things, and see how the progress
of civilisation has made the impassable easy, it is not
hard to understand the difficulties under which the
first surveyors, early in the sixties, laboured, and to
excuse the mistakes which they possibly made.
There are those ready to say that the surveyors
who laid out the Blue Mountain line aimed more at
picturesque effect than at providing an easy method
of transit ; the line is spoken of as having been most
artistically designed, so as to look well on
paper. Beautifully symmetrical curves take
the place of straight lines, steep gradients
are looked upon rather as ornamental -
additions, with the result that the working of the
Western line has been a constant thorn in the sides of
our business-like Railway Commissioners. Another
authority has it that the route now chosen for the
deviation was selected by the surveyor who originally
pegged out the line ; but the rulers of the day, pre-
ferring the picturesque zigzag, refused their sanction.
Be this as it may, the result is the same, and for more
than 25 years heavily-laden goods trains have had to
toil back and forwards up the line. As the traffic
grew in extent the larger trains had often to be
divided to get them past the ascent, and sometimes
recalcitrant freight trains refused to go over at all and
blocked the way for hours. The working of a line
on this system, as every railway man knows, is always
troublesome, and even dangerous. The stoppage of
the train at each turning-place involves a great loss
of power, and the propulsion of the train backwards
is by no means safe. The rear carriages, being
much lighter than the engine, have a tendency to go
off the line, and great care has to be observed in
order to prevent this disagreeable occurrence. Hence
the idea of escaping the annoying zigzag has been in
men's minds for years, and many ambitious schemes
have been brought forward. Some have proposed a
line up the Colo Valley, others favoured the Cox
River, but these plans, which involved practically
the construction of a new railway, were too costly
for adoption under present circumstances. At
last the surveyors discovered a simple means of
deviation, without, indeed, altering the gradient of
1 in 33, though avoiding the turn-about style of line
hitherto in use.
The new line, which starts right at the foot of the
former zigzag, branches off to the southward through
a deep cutting, and eventually enters a tunnel half a
mile in length, from which it emerges close to Glen-
brook station. The whole length is only one mile
33 chains, as compared with two miles three chains,
the length of the old line. This in itself is a saving
in direct distance of 50 chains, to say nothing of the
greater facility in working. In fact, the Chief Com-
missioner estimates that the new line will enable from
35 to 50 thousand train miles extra to be run annu-
ally, and as the cost of the whole work is under £50,000,
the saving effected will amount to at least 12 per
cent, on the capital invested. Goods trains of any
length may now be run over the rails, the load being
limited only by the hauling power of the engines,
which, especially in the case of the new Baldwins,
is able to cope with many more trucks than have
hitherto been used in making up a train. The con-
struction, which has been in hand but 20 months,
has been carried out by Messrs. D. Proudfoot and
Co., contractors, under the supervision of Mr.
Witherby, of the Railway Department, and the
permanent way on passing over it has a particularly
solid feel. It is substantially ballasted with blue
metal and sandstone, and only ironbark sleepers and
80lb. steel rails have been used.
A favourable opportunity for viewing this import-
ant work was furnished yesterday, when the Railway
Commissioners, accompanied by the heads of their
departments, paid their first visit of inspection to the
new line. The party, which left Sydney by special
Pullman train at 10 in the morning, included Sir
Roderick Cameron and son, Mr. Pitt, and several re-
presentatives of the press, as well as the following
railway officials :-Messrs. Kirkcaldie, chief traffic
manager ; Richardson, outdoor superintendent ;
Foxlee, engineer-in-chief ; Nicholas, divisional
engineer ; and Henson, district superintendent. In
spite of the disagreeable day, the outing proved very
enjoyable, the visitors being treated to some
fast running. The distance between Par-
ramatta and Penrith, 21 miles, was covered
on the down journey in 25 minutes,
and in returning the train passed from Wentworth
to Sydney, 62 miles, in an hour and 55 minutes, in-
cluding all stoppages-probably the quickest time on
record. After inspecting the deviation work, and
passing through the new tunnel, the party was taken
on to Wentworth Falls, where buggies were in
waiting. In spite of the mist and rain, most of the
visitors had a glance at the magnificent waterfall,
which, after the recent wet weather, looked its best.
Luncheon was served on board, and the trip was
brought to a conclusion just after 5 o'clock, when
the train, a minute before its time, steamed into
Redfern.